User:Benjamin Mako Hill/Generals

The following page contains a list of books and papers that constituted the reading list for my PhD qualifying exams which I took in July 2010 for an interdepartmental program between the MIT Sloan School of Management and the MIT Media Lab's program in Media Arts, and Sciences.

You'll notice that a number of the papers on here are red links (i.e., they do not have summaries attached to them yet). Although I read everything on my list, I did not have time to write full summaries of everything. In general, I tended to write summaries of the material I was least confident or familiar with. As a result, work by my advisors and most directly related to my areas of research and interest tend to be what is currently underrepresented. Maybe you should read these and help me improve the list!

Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Innovation

Overview

• Pavitt (1984): Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory
• Van de Ven (1986): Central problems in the management of innovation
• Roberts (1988): What we've learned: Managing invention and innovation
• von Hippel (1988): The sources of innovation
• Rosenberg (1994): Exploring the black box: Technology, economics, and history
• Utterback (1997): Mastering the dynamics of innovation: How companies can seize opportunities in the face of technological change
• Mowery and Rosenberg (1999): The institutionalization of innovation, 1900-1990

Innovation Process

• Schumpeter (1934): The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle
• Schumpeter (1949): The process of creative destruction
• Sutton and Hargadon (1996): Brainstorming groups in context: Effectiveness in a product design firm
• Galunic and Rodan (1998): Resource recombinations in the firm: Knowledge structures and the potential for Schumpeterian innovation
• Fleming (2001): Recombinant uncertainty in technological search
• Miner, Bassoff and Moorman (2001): Organizational improvisation and learning: A field study
• Katila and Ahuja (2002): Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction
• Baker and Nelson (2005): Creating something from nothing: Resource construction through entrepreneurial bricolage

Industry Dynamics

• Arrow (1962): Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention
• Rogers (1962): Diffusion of innovations
• Utterback and Abernathy (1975): A dynamic model of process and product innovation
• Utterback and Suárez (1993): Innovation, competition, and industry structure
• Klepper and Simons (1997): Technological extinctions of industrial firms: An inquiry into their nature and causes
• Christensen et al. (1998): Strategies for survival in fast-changing industries

Patterns of Change

• Kuhn (1970): The structure of scientific revolutions
• Nelson and Winter (1977): In search of useful theory of innovation
• Clark (1985): The interaction of design hierarchies and market concepts in technological evolution
• Dosi (1982): Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change
• Tushman and Anderson (1986): Technological discontinuities and organizational environments
• Henderson (1995): Of life cycles real and imaginary: The unexpectedly long old age of optical lithography

Innovation and Learning

• Abernathy and Wayne (1974): Limits of the learning curve
• Levitt and March (1998): Organizational learning
• Cohen and Levinthal (1990): Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation
• March (1991): Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning
• Thomke, von Hippel and Franke (1998): Modes of experimentation: an innovation process -- and competition -- variable
• Sørensen and Stuart (2000): Aging, obsolescence, and organizational innovation

Adaptation and Failure

• Abernathy and Clark (1985): Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction
• Hernderson and Clark (1990): Architectural innovation: The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms
• Henderson (1993): Underinvestment and incompetence as responses to radical innovation: Evidence from the photolithographic alignment equipment industry
• Christensen and Bower (1996): Customer power, strategic investment, and the failure of leading firms
• Tripsas (1997): Unraveling the process of creative destruction: Complementary assets and uncumbent survival in the typesetter industry
• Tripsas (2009): Technology, identity, and inertia through the lens of "The Digital Photography Company"

Innovation and Competition

• Rothwell et al. (1974): SAPPHO updated - project SAPPHO phase II
• Teece (1986): Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy
• Henderson and Cockburn (1996): Scale, scope, and spillovers: The determinants of research productivity in drug discovery
• Gawer and Cusumano (2002): Platform leadership: How Intel, Microsoft, and Cisco drive industry innovation

Product Development

• Clark and Fujimoto (1991): Product development performance: Strategy, organization, and management in the world auto industry
• Cusumano and Nobeoka (1992): Strategy, structure and performance in product development: Observations from the auto industry
• Leonard-Barton (1992): Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development
• Wheelwright and Clark (1992): Revolutionizing product development: Quantum leaps in speed, efficiency, and quality
• Ulrich and Eppinger (1994): Product design and development
• Brown and Eisenhardt (1995): Product development: Past research, present findings, and future directions
• Eisenhardt and Tabrizi (1995): Accelerating adaptive processes: Product innovation in the global computer industry
• Iansiti (1995) Technology integration: Managing technological evolution in a complex environment
• Sanderson and Uzumeri (1995): Managing product families: The case of the Sony Walkman
• MacCormack et al. (2001): Developing products on "Internet time": The anatomy of a flexible development process
• MacCormack, Rusnak, and Baldwin (2006): Exploring the structure of complex software designs: An empirical study of open source and proprietary code

Human Side

• Allen (1984): The organization and architecture of innovation: Managing the flow of technology
• Allen and Henn (2006): The organization and architecture of innovation: Managing the flow of technology

Services

• Barras (1986): Towards a theory of innovation in services
• Quinn (1992): Intelligent enterprise: A knowledge and service based paradigm for industry
• Cusumano, Kahl, and Suarez (2008): A theory of services in product industries
• von Hippel and Oliveira (2009): Users as service innovators: The case of banking services

Science and Innovation

• Arrow (1962): Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention
• Ben-David and Sullivan (1975): Sociology of science
• Rosenberg (1990): Why do firms do basic research (with their own money)?
• Brooks (1994): The relationship between science and technology
• Dasgupta and David (1994): Toward a new economics of science
• Furman and Stern (2006): Climbing atop the shoulders of giants: The impact of institutions on cumulative research
• Murray (2007): The stem-cell market -- patents and the pursuit of scientific progress

Intellectual Property

• Schmookler (1966): Invention and economic growth
• Griliches (1990): Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey
• Jaffe, Trajtenberg, and Henderson (1993): Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations
• Heller and Eisenberg (1998): Can patents deter innovation? The anticommons in biomedical research
• Hesse (2002): The rise of intellectual property, 700 B.C.-A.D. 2000: An idea in the balance
• Moser (2005): How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century World's Fairs
• Walsh et al. (2005): View from the bench: Patents and material transfers
• Murray (2006): The Oncomouse that roared: Resistance and accommodation to patenting in academic science
• Murray and Stern (2007): Do formal intellectual property rights hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge? An empirical test of the anti-commons hypothesis
• Fauchart and von Hippel (2008): Norms-based intellectual property systems: The case of French chefs
• Murray et al. (2009): Of mice and academics: Examining the effect of openness on innovation

Technology Transfer

• Stokes (1997): Pasteur's quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation
• Mansfield (1998): Academic research and industrial innovation: An update of empirical findings
• Evans (2006): Industry collaboration and theory in academic science
• Azoulay, Ding, and Stuart (2008): The impact of academic patenting on the rate, quality, and direction of (public) research output

Geography

• Audretsch and Feldman (1996): R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production
• Almeida and Kogut (1999): Localization of knowledge and the mobility of engineers in regional networks
• Powell et al. (2005): Network dynamics and field evolution: The growth of interorganizational collaboration in the life sciences
• Thompson and Fox-Kean (2005): Patent citations and the geography of knowledge spillovers: A reassessment

Economics

• Hayek (1945): The use of knowledge in society
• Grilliches (1957): Hybrid corn: An exploration in the economics of technological change
• Nelson and Winter (1982) An evolutionary theory of economic change
• David (1985): Clio and the economics of QWERTY

Sociology

• Winner (1993): Upon opening the black box and finding it empty: Social constructivism and the philosophy of technology
• Vincenti (1994): The retractable airplane landing gear and the Northrop "anomaly": Variation-selection and the shaping of technology
• Garud and Rappa (1994): A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution: The case of cochlear implants
• Bothner (2003): Competition and social influence: The diffusion of the sixth‐generation processor in the global computer industry

Entrepreneurship

Overviews

• Stevenson and Jarillo (1990): A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management
• Thornton (1999): The Sociology of Entrepreneurship
• Baumol (1990): Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive

Classics

• Roberts (1991): Entrepreneurs in high technology: Lessons from MIT and beyond
• Kirzner (1997): Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach

Sources: Origins

• Romanelli (1991): The evolution of new organizational forms
• Shane (2000): Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities
• Ruef (2005): Origins of organizations: The entrepreneurial process
• Gompers, Lerner and Scharfstein (2005): Entrepreneurial spawning: Public corporations and the genesis of new ventures, 1986 to 1999
• Aldrich and Reuf (2006): Organizations evolving

Sources: Spinoffs

• Shane (2001): Technological opportunities and new firm creation
• Klepper (2001): Employee startups in high-tech industries
• Stuart and Sorenson (2003): Liquidity events and the geographic distribution of entrepreneurial activity

Entrepreneurial Strategies

• Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven (1990): Organizational growth: Linking founding team, strategy, environment, and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988
• Gans and Stern (2003) The product market and the market for "ideas": Commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs

Institutionalism

• Aldrich and Fiol (1994): Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation
• Stuart, Hoang, and Hybels (1999): Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures
• Hargadon and Douglas (2001): When innovations meet institutions: Edison and the design of the electric light
• Burton, Sorensen, and Beckman (2002): Coming from good stock: Career histories and new venture formation
• Hsu (2004): What do entrepreneurs pay for venture capital affiliation?
• Stuart and Ding (2006): When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences
• Santos and Eisenhardt (2009): Constructing markets and shaping boundaries: Entrepreneurial power in nascent fields

Networks

• Sorenson and Stuart (2001): Syndication networks and the spatial distribution of venture capital investments
• Podolny (2001): Networks as the pipes and prisms of the market
• Ruef, Aldrich, and Cater (2003): The structure of founding teams: Homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs

Capabilities

• Baron, Hannan and Burton (1999): Building the iron cage: Determinants of managerial intensity in the early years of organizations
• Phillips (2002): A genealogical approach to organizational life chances: The parent-progeny transfer among Silicon Valley law firms, 1946-1996

Ecology

• Haveman and Cohen (1994): The ecological dynamics of careers: The impact of organizational founding, dissolution, and merger on job mobility
• Carroll et al. (1996): The fates of de novo and de alio producers in the American automobile industry 1885-1981
• Sorenson and Audia (2000): The social structure of entrepreneurial activity: Geographic concentration of footwear production in the United States, 1940-1989
• Carroll and Khessina (2005): The ecology of entrepreneurship

Strategy

Overviews/Classics

• Chandler (1962): Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise
• Porter (1980): Competitive strategy: Techniques for analyzing industries and competitors
• Barney (1986): Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy
• Yao (1988): Beyond the reach of the invisible hand: Impediments to economic activity, market failures, and profitability
• Porter (1996): What Is strategy?
• McGahan and Porter (1997): How much does industry matter, really?

Resources and Capabilities

• Wernerfelt (1984): A resource-based view of the firm
• Peteraf (1993): The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view
• Burgelman (1994): Fading memories: A process theory of strategic business exit in dynamic environments
• Henderson and Cockburn (1994): Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research
• Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997): Dynamic capabilities and strategic management
• Eisenhardt and Martin (2000): Dynamic capabilities: What are they?

Decision Making and Routines

• Eisenhardt (1989): Making fast strategic decisions in high-velocity environments
• Eisenhardt and Zbaracki (1992): Strategic decision making
• Weick (1993): The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster
• Gavetti and Levinthal (2000): Looking forward and looking backward: Cognitive and experiential search
• Gilbert (2005): Unbundling the structure of inertia: Resource versus routine rigidity
• Davis, Eisenhardt and Bingham (2009): Optimal structure, market dynamism, and the strategy of simple rules
• Bingham, Eisenhardt and Davis (2009): Opening the black box: What firms explicitly learn from their process experiences

Open Source

User and Open Innovation

• Mowery and Rosenberg (1979): The influence of market demand upon innovation: a critical review of some recent empirical studies
• Benkler (2002): Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm
• Chesbrough (2003): Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology
• von Hippel (2005): Democratizing innovation
• Murray and O'Mahony (2007): Exploring the foundations of cumulative innovation: Implications for organization science

FLOSS

• Raymond (1999): The cathedral and the bazaar: Musings on Linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary
• DiBona et al. (1999): Open sources: Voices from the open source revolution
• Mockus et al. (2002): Two case studies of open source software development: Apache and Mozilla
• Stallman (2002): Free software, free society: Selected essays of Richard M. Stallman
• Healy and Schussman (2003): The ecology of open-source software development
• von Hippel and von Krogh (2003): Open source software and the 'private-collective' innovation model: Issues for organization science
• von Krogh and von Hippel (2006): The promise of research on open source software
• Crowston et al. (2009): Free/libre open source software: What we know and what we do not know

Motivation

• Hars and Ou (2002): Working for free? Motivations for participating in open-source projects
• Lerner and Tirole (2002): Some simple economics of open source
• Lakhani and von Hippel (2003): How open source software works: "Free" user-to-user assistance
• Bonaccorsi and Rossi (2003): Why open source software can succeed
• von Krogh, Spaeth, and Lakhani (2003): Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: a case study
• Lakhani and Wolf (2005): Why hackers do what they do: Understanding motivation and effort in free/open source software projects
• Lerner, Pathak and Tirole (2006): The dynamics of open-source contributors
• Roberts, Hann, and Slaughter (2006): Understanding the motivations, participation, and performance of open source software developers: A longitudinal study of the Apache projects

Open Innovation and Firms

• West (2003): How open is open enough?: Melding proprietary and open source platform strategies
• Shah (2006): Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development
• Shah and Tripsas (2007): The accidental entrepreneur: the emergent and collective process of user entrepreneurship
• O'Mahony and Bechky (2008): Boundary organizations: Enabling collaboration among unexpected allies

Sociology

Organizational Sociology

Overviews

• March and Simon (1958): Organizations
• Stinchcombe (1959): Bureaucratic and craft administration of production: A comparative study
• Cyert and March (1963): Behavioral theory of the firm
• March and Stinchcombe (1965): Social structure and organizations
• Scott and Davis (2006): Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives

Resource Dependence

• Crozier (1964): The bureaucratic phenomenon
• Thompson (1967): Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory
• Pfeffer and Salancik (1978): The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective

Institutions

• Selznick (1957): Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation
• Meyer and Rowan (1977): Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony
• Tolbert and Zucker (1983): Institutional sources of change in the formal structure of organizations: The diffusion of civil service reform, 1880-1935
• DiMaggio and Powell (1983): The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields

Ecology

• Hannan and Freeman (1977): The population ecology of organizations
• Freeman and Hannan (1983): Niche width and the dynamics of organizational populations
• Hannan and Freeman (1984): Structural inertia and organizational change
• Carroll and Hannan (1989): Density dependence in the evolution of populations of newspaper organizations
• Ruef (2002): The emergence of organizational forms: A community ecology approach

Transaction Cost Economics

• Coase (1937): The nature of the firm
• Williamson (1981): The economics of organization: The transaction cost approach

Movements and New Forms

• McCarthy and Zald (1977): Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory
• McAdam (1986): Recruitment to High-Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer
• Rao (1998): Caveat emptor: The construction of nonprofit consumer watchdog organizations
• Benford and Snow (2000): Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment
• Ingram and Rao (2004): Store wars: The enactment and repeal of anti-chain-store legislation in America

Economic Sociology

Overviews

• Granovetter (1985): Economic action and social structure: The Problem of embeddedness
• Dobbin (2004): Towards the social reconstruction of an interdisciplinary turf war
• Zuckerman (2004): Towards the social reconstruction of an interdisciplinary turf war
• Smelser and Swedberg (2005): The sociology of markets
• Fligstein and Dauter (2007): The sociology of markets

Sociology Classics

• Weber (1930): The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism
• Durkheim The division of labor in society
• Marx The German ideology
• Weber Status groups and classes
• Weber Class, status, party

Status

• Gusfield (1986): Symbolic crusade: Status politics and the American temperance movement
• Heinz and Laumann (1994): Honor among lawyers
• Gould (2002): The origins of status hierarchies: A formal theory and empirical test
• Podolny (2005): Status signals: A sociological study of market competition
• Ridgeway and Correll (2006): Consensus and the creation of status beliefs

Networks and Social Capital

• Simmel (1908): The triad
• Granovetter (1973): The strength of weak ties
• Coleman (1988): Social capital in the creation of human capital
• Burt (1992): Structural holes: The social structure of competition
• Uzzi (1997): Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness
• Podolny and Page (1998): Network forms of organization
• Hansen (1999): The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits
• Ingram and Roberts (2000): Friendships among competitors in the Sydney hotel industry
• Obstfeld (2005): Social networks, the tertius iungens orientation, and involvement in innovation

Role and Category Effects

• Douglas (1966): Purity and danger: An analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo
• Padgett and Ansell (1993): Robust action and the rise of the Medici, 1400-1434
• Westphal, Gulati and Shortell (1997): Customization or conformity? An institutional and network perspective on the content and consequences of TQM adoption
• Zbaracki (1998): The rhetoric and reality of Total Quality Management
• Zuckerman (1999): The categorical imperative: Securities analysts and the illegitimacy discount
• Carroll and Swaminathan (2000): Why the microbrewery movement? Organizational dynamics of resource partitioning in the U.S. brewing industry
• Strang and Macy (2001): In search of excellence: Fads, success stories, and adaptive emulation
• Zuckerman et al. (2003): Robust identities or nonentities? Typecasting in the feature-film labor market

Design

Design for Cooperation

Overviews

• Ellis et al. (1991): Groupware: some issues and experiences
• Kling (1991): Cooperation, coordination and control in computer-supported work
• Orlikowski (1992): Learning from Notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation
• Grudin (1994): Computer-supported cooperative work: History and focus

Theory

• Suchman (1983): Office procedure as practical action: Models of work and system design
• McGrath (1984): Typology of tasks from Groups: Interaction and performance
• Malone and Crowston (1990): What is coordination theory and how can it help design cooperative work systems?
• Hutchins (1990): The technology of team navigation
• Suchman (1995): Making work visible
• Kuutti (1995): Activity Theory as a potential framework for human-computer interaction research
• Kaptelinin, Kuutti, and Bannon (1995): Activity Theory: Basic concepts and applications
• Crowston (1997): A coordination theory approach to organizational process design
• Hollan et al. (2000): Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research

Communication

• Finholt and Sproull (1990): Electronic groups at work
• Clark and Brennen (1991): Grounding in communication
• Tatar et al. (1991): Design for conversation: Lessons from Cognoter
• Nardi, Whittaker, and Bradner (2000): Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action
• Orlikowski and Gash (1994): Technological frames: making sense of information technology in organizations

Awareness

• Dourish and Bellotti (1992): Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces
• Hill et al. (1992): Edit wear and read wear
• Gutwin and Greenberg (2002): A descriptive framework of workspace awareness for real-time groupware

Issues of Design

• Winner (1986): Do artifacts have politics?
• Kyng (1991): Designing for cooperation: Cooperating in design
• Grudin (1994): Groupware and social dynamics: Eight challenges for developers
• Straus and McGrath (1994): Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions
• Winograd (1994) Categories, disciplines, and social coordination
• Gutwin and Greenberg (1998): Design for individuals, design for groups: Tradeoffs between power and workspace awareness

Social Computing

Online Communities

• Nardi et al. (2004): Blogging as social activity, or, would you let 900 million people read your diary?
• Bruckman (2006): A new perspective on "community" and its implications for computer-mediated communications systems
• Beer and Burrows (2007): Sociology and, of and in Web 2.0: Some initial considerations
• boyd and Ellison (2008): Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship

Motivating Participation

• Beenen et al. (2004): Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities
• Ridings and Gefen (2004): Virtual community attraction: Why people hang out online
• Tedjamulia et al. (2005): Motivating content contributions to online communities: Toward a more comprehensive theory

Large Communities

• Kollock and Smith (1996) Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities
• Whittaker et al. 1998: The dynamics of mass interaction
• Erickson and Kellogg (2000): Social translucence: An approach to designing systems that support social processes
• Jensen et al. (2002) Finding others online: reputation systems for social online spaces
• Viegas, Wattenberg, and Dave (2004): Studying cooperation and conflict between authors with history flow visualizations

Learning and Creativity

Design for Constructivism

• Papert (1980): Mindstorms: Children, computers, and powerful ideas
• Abelson and diSessa (1981): Turtle geometry: The computer as a medium for exploring
• Lave and Wenger (1991): Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation
• Scardamalia and Bereiter (1993): Computer support for knowledge-building communities
• Resnick, Bruckman, and Martin (1996): Pianos not stereos: Creating computational construction kits
• Bruckman (1998): Community support for constructionist learning
• Janassen (1999): Designing constructivist learning environments
• Sawyer (2006): Educating for innovation

Creativity

• Mamykina, Candy, and Edmonds (2002): Collaborative creativity
• Schneiderman (2002): Creativity support tools
• von Hippel and Katz (2002): Shifting innovation to users via toolkits
• Fischer (2004): Social creativity: Turning barriers into opportunities for collaborative design
• Schneiderman et al. (2006): Creativity support tools: Report from a US National Science Foundation sponsored workshop

Case Studies

• Greenberg and Fitchett (2001): Phidgets: Easy development of physical interfaces through physical widgets
• Terry and Mynatt (2002): Recognizing creative needs in user interface design
• Tiwana and Mclean (2005): Expertise integration and creativity in information systems development
• Hartmann et al. (2006): Reflective physical prototyping through integrated design, test, and analysis
• Buechley et al. (2008): The LilyPad Arduino: Using computational textiles to investigate engagement, aesthetics, and diversity in computer science education
• Monroy-Hernández and Resnick (2008): Empowering kids to create and share programmable media
• Resnick et al. (2009): Scratch: Programming for all