https://acawiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Steren&feedformat=atomAcaWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T10:17:26ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.12https://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-&diff=1268MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-2009-03-12T15:32:33Z<p>Steren: </p>
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</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-&diff=1267MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-2009-03-12T14:33:15Z<p>Steren: </p>
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</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Can_Consumers_Escape_the_Market%3F_Emancipatory_Illuminations_from_Burning_Man&diff=1265Can Consumers Escape the Market? Emancipatory Illuminations from Burning Man2009-03-12T14:16:40Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Robert V. Kozinets<br />
|journal=Journal of Consumer Research<br />
|journal_volume=29<br />
|url=http://www.sfu.ca/media-lab/archive/2007/428/Resources/articles%20for%20presentations/Kozinets_BurningMan.pdf<br />
|pub_date=2002<br />
|issn=0093-5301<br />
|doi=10.1086/339919<br />
|subject=Anthropology<br />
|tags=Burning Man, anthropology, consumer emancipation, activism, TAZ<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|author_on_acawiki=Kozinets<br />
|summary=This ethnography explores the emancipatory dynamics of the Burning Man project, a one-week long anti-market event. Practices used at Burning Man to distance consumers from the market include discourses supporting communality and disparaging market logics, alternative exchange practices, and positioning consumption as self-expressive art. Findings reveal several communal practices that distance consumption from broader rhetorics of efficiency and rationality. Although Burning Man’s participants materially support the market, they successfully construct a temporary hypercommunity from which to practice divergent social logics. Escape from the market, if possible at all, must be conceived of as similarly temporary and local.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Concatenated_Analysis_Sheds_Light_on_Early_Metazoan_Evolution_and_Fuels_a_Modern_%E2%80%9CUrmetazoon%E2%80%9D_Hypothesis&diff=1264Concatenated Analysis Sheds Light on Early Metazoan Evolution and Fuels a Modern “Urmetazoon” Hypothesis2009-03-12T14:16:33Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Bernd Schierwater, Michael Eitel, Wolfgang Jakob, Hans-Jürgen Osigus, Heike Hadrys, Stephen L. Dellaporta, Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis, Rob DeSalle<br />
|journal=PLoS Biology<br />
|journal_volume=7 (1)<br />
|url=http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000020<br />
|pub_date=2009<br />
|doi=doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000020<br />
|subject=Biology<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Following one of the basic principles in evolutionary biology that complex life forms derive from more primitive ancestors, it has long been believed that the higher animals, the Bilateria, arose from simpler (diploblastic) organisms such as the cnidarians (corals, polyps, and jellyfishes). A large number of studies, using different datasets and different methods, have tried to determine the most ancestral animal group as well as the ancestor of the higher animals. Here, we use “total evidence” analysis, which incorporates all available data (including morphology, genome, and gene expression data) and come to a surprising conclusion. The Bilateria and Cnidaria (together with the other diploblastic animals) are in fact sister groups: that is, they evolved in parallel from a very simple common ancestor. We conclude that the higher animals (Bilateria) and lower animals (diploblasts), probably separated very early, at the very beginning of metazoan animal evolution and independently evolved their complex body plans, including body axes, nervous system, sensory organs, and other characteristics. The striking similarities in several complex characters (such as the eyes) resulted from both lineages using the same basic genetic tool kit, which was already present in the common ancestor. The study identifies Placozoa as the most basal diploblast group and thus a living fossil genome that nicely demonstrates, not only that complex genetic tool kits arise before morphological complexity, but also that these kits may form similar morphological structures in parallel.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Why_are_Gambling_Markets_Organised_So_Differently_from_Financial_Markets%3F&diff=1263Why are Gambling Markets Organised So Differently from Financial Markets?2009-03-12T14:16:26Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Steven Levitt<br />
|journal=The Economic Journal<br />
|journal_volume=114<br />
|url=http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittWhyAreGamblingMarkets2004.pdf<br />
|pub_date=2004<br />
|subject=Economics<br />
|tags=Economics, Gambling<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=The paper uses a unique data set to explore why sports betting and financial markets differ in structure. In the former, a bookmaker typically sets prices (i.e. spreads), which change little if at all. In the latter, market makers match buy and sell orders at a market clearing price, which changes often.<br />
<br />
Theoretically, a bookmaker can exploit bettors' systematic biases to increase profitability, while taking on some risk of loss (by contrast a market clearing price would ensure no loss for the bookmaker -- trading profits would be exactly half of the "vig" paid by losing bettors). A bookmaker's exploitation of bettors' biases is also limited by the potential for rational bettors to exploit distorted prices.<br />
<br />
The paper's data are sourced from a contest held by an online bookmaker during the 2001-2 National Football League season, with 285 entrants making 19,770 bets on 242 games. There are several shortcomings with these data stemming from the contest -- bettors are attempting to win a contest, not risking money on individual games (though there was a $250 entry fee, all returned as prizes), it was not possible for bettors to reveal intensity of preferences across games, entrant attrition, and the bets and bettors are not likely to be representative of random sports bettors. However, these data include quantity of bets on each side of a wager, in addition to price -- quantity is virtually never available.<br />
<br />
The data show that prices (which were virtually identical to those at online and Las Vegas bookmakers) did not equalize bets on each side of the wager. Approximately half (50-55%) of bets were placed on the team with the most bets in only 20% of games (if bettors were independent and had no preference between bets, this would be true in 2/3rds of games), while in almost 10% of games, more than 80% of bets are made on one team. Bettors seem to have systematic biases, in particular for visiting favorites and against home team underdogs.<br />
<br />
The author (Levitt) calculates that exploiting such biases such that wagers are not equalized allows bookmakers to increase gross profits from 5.0% to 6.16%, an increase of 23%. Levitt also finds that these data provide no evidence that some bettors are more skilled than others, and very tentative evidence that aggregating wagers increases accuracy.<br />
<br />
The paper concludes that bookmakers are better at predicting game outcomes than bettors, enabling the former to set prices that obtain higher profits than those that would equalize bets on each side. Levitt says that financial markets are more complex and market makers are not better predictors than other participants, supported by evidence on the inability of fund managers to systematically beat market indexes.<br />
|relevance=The paper acknowledges that understanding why competitive pressure does not eliminate excess bookmaker profits is an unanswered question, and does not speculate (if he had, obvious starting places would include differing participant objectives and regulatory environments). Evidence that such profits exist could spur further research on this question, as well as inform implementors, participants, and regulators involved in sports betting, financial markets, and potentially other "wisdom of the crowds" mechanisms.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=What_Becomes_an_Icon_Most&diff=1262What Becomes an Icon Most2009-03-12T14:16:20Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Douglas Holt<br />
|journal=Harvard Business Review<br />
|journal_volume=81(3)<br />
|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/pubmed/12632803<br />
|pub_date=2003<br />
|tags=marketing, branding<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Some brands are iconic because they are able to tap into deep connections within our culture. Scholars have taken such theories a step further to suggest that consumers use authentic meanings in products to construct their identities, and heal identity and cultural conflicts. Doug Holt, in his work, How Brands Become Icons, lays out a cultural branding framework. To build an iconic brand a marketer should: select a cultural contradiction and compose a cultural brief to include myth treatment, populist authenticity, and a charismatic aesthetic. Holt has found that the most successful iconic brands use myths to address deep national conflicts that reside within the individual’s psyche, and that consumers use brands to heal these conflicts. He finds that brands that embody myths are grounded in empathic understanding of people’s most acute desires and anxieties. “Resonant myths spring from people’s ambitions at work, their dreams for their children, their fears of technology, and their difficulty building friendship, and so on.” Firms create authenticity by associating their products with cultural meanings that represent honesty, and a rejection of the commercial sphere and political power. They find these authentic narratives in communities who live according to their beliefs: on the frontier in bohemia, in rural backwaters, in athletic leagues, immigrant areas, and ghettos (Holt 2002, 2003, 2004). These narratives are associated with products to give them a feeling of authenticity, as Nike takes meaning from street cultures of basketball in the inner city. Thus, firms use these strategies to create resonating brand meanings by addressing identity issues and creating authenticity through honest narratives. They draw on cultural knowledge, rebelliousness, and populism. <br />
|relevance=It's interesting how we use brands to deal with our own emotions, and how the brands that do this well can sometimes end up being the most powerful. <br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=The_Dirt_on_Coming_Clean:_Perverse_Effects_of_Disclosing_Conflicts_of_Interest&diff=1261The Dirt on Coming Clean: Perverse Effects of Disclosing Conflicts of Interest2009-03-12T14:16:14Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Daylian Cain, George Loewenstein, Don Moore<br />
|journal=The Journal of Legal Studies<br />
|journal_volume=34<br />
|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/426699<br />
|pub_date=2005<br />
|doi=10.1086/426699<br />
|subject=Psychology<br />
|tags=decision making, conflicts of interest, legal<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Common sense suggests recipients of advice will benefit if conflicts of<br />
interests are disclosed. In fact, many laws have been created in the fields<br />
of law, medicine, and finance to protect consumers from conflicts of<br />
interest.<br />
<br />
If your doctor was on the payroll of a major pharmaceutical company,<br />
and then prescribed for you to take a drug made by this company, would<br />
you want her to disclose the conflict of interest? Common sense suggests<br />
that you’d be more protected if you were aware of it. In this paper,<br />
researchers ran experiments that might suggest otherwise. They found<br />
that if an adviser had a conflict of interest and told you, she would<br />
actually be able to influence you even more in her direction than if she<br />
hadn’t. In the case of the doctor, if she disclosed to you that she was on<br />
the payroll of the pharmaceutical, and then prescribed you their drug, you<br />
would more likely trust the doctor and take it. <br />
<br />
In study 1 of this paper, participants were either advisers or estimators trying to guess how much a jar of coins was worth. The adviser gives their opinion to the estimator, and the estimator makes the final guess. The advisers got to look at jars of coins up close, however the estimators could only view the jars from far away for only 10 seconds. The estimators were rewarded based on how accurately they guessed how much money was in each jar. The advisers, on the other hand, were rewarded based on how high the estimators guesses were. In other words, the advisers wanted the estimator to guess high, more than they wanted the estimator to guess accurately - this was the conflict of interest.<br />
<br />
In one group the estimators were made aware of the advisers conflict, and in the other group the estimators were not made aware of it. The question is, which group of estimators were more influenced by the adviser's conflict of interest - the group that knew about it, or the group that didn't?<br />
<br />
The results were surprising. It turned out the group of estimators who knew about the advisers conflict of interest made higher guesses for the value of the jar of coins than the group who did not know about the conflict.<br />
<br />
Why did this happen? The theory is that once the adviser tells you about the conflict, you think “well she wouldn’t have told me if she was going to swindle me so I bet she is telling the truth!”<br />
|relevance=This paper has huge implication in everyday contexts. We are often taking advice from doctors, lawyers, accountants, and contractors. All these people are paid to do more work, rather than less work - however we may not need more work. Given that these conflicts exists, people should be more discriminating when taking paid advice from people. Even when conflicts of interest are known, this could end up backfiring because we do not account for the bias.<br />
<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=The_confounded_nature_of_angry_men_and_happy_women&diff=1260The confounded nature of angry men and happy women2009-03-12T14:16:07Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=D. Vaughn Becker, Douglas T. Kenrick, Steven L. Neuberg, K. C. Blackwell, Dylan M. Smith<br />
|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<br />
|journal_volume=92<br />
|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.179<br />
|pub_date=2007<br />
|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.179<br />
|subject=Psychology<br />
|tags=gender, emotion<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Imagine an angry face. What is its gender? A team led by D. Vaughan Becker asked this question to introductory psychology students and found that over three-fourths of the responses were "male."<br />
<br />
There was no difference in the response based the respondent's gender. Both men and women are much more likely to think of a male "angry" face than a female one.<br />
<br />
When asked to picture a happy face instead of an angry face, the results would switched almost as dramatically in the opposite direction: Most people say happy faces are female, although in this case, the effect is entirely due to male respondents. Women's responses are evenly divided male-female.<br />
<br />
But the researchers weren't just interested in imagined faces. What they really wanted to know is if there's a gender bias in recognizing facial expressions. Are we more likely to perceive a male face as angry and a female face as happy? Are we quicker and better at recognizing angry faces in men compared to women? If we are, does this mean we're sexist?<br />
<br />
Thirty-eight volunteers sat at computer monitors, which showed pictures of men and women with either angry or happy faces. The task was to indicate, as quickly as possible, whether the faces were happy or angry. Here are the results:<br />
<br />
[[image: becker1.gif]]<br />
<br />
They were significantly more accurate identifying happy female faces compared to happy male faces. Though the difference here looks small, they were also significantly more accurate identifying angry male faces compared to angry female faces. Reaction times followed a similar pattern -- faster identifying angry males and happy females.<br />
<br />
Next they repeated the same experiment in reverse. Instead of asking whether the faces were angry or happy, they asked whether they were male or female. Here are the results:<br />
<br />
[[image: becker2.gif]]<br />
<br />
Once again, respondents were significantly more accurate judging happy female faces and angry male faces, and again, response times backed this up.<br />
<br />
Are we really biased to see anger in male faces and happiness in female faces? Or do neutral male faces just look angrier than neutral female faces? The prototypical angry expression involves a furrowed brow, compressed mouth, and flared nostrils and "flashing eyes." Maybe men's typically larger brow and thinner lips compared to women just look a little angrier. Becker's team took gender neutral faces from a computer rendering program, then adjusted the parameters of the program to make each face look slightly more masculine or feminine. They showed these faces to volunteers, asking them to rate either which face was angrier or which face looked more masculine. <br />
<br />
Even though the faces all have neutral expressions, the more masculine faces were uniformly rated as "angrier."<br />
<br />
Taking this a step further, the researchers next took identical gender-neutral computer-rendered faces and attached them to male or female bodies. Viewers were told that the faces had been modified to appear slightly angry or slightly happy, and asked to rate each face for its perceived level of happiness versus anger.<br />
<br />
This time, the faces on male bodies were rated as significantly less angry than the faces on female bodies.<br />
<br />
So, far from being biased to perceive males as angry and women as happy, we appear to respond honestly to the facial expressions -- if there's any bias at all, it's in the opposite direction, to see "women" as angrier than they really are. Male faces in their neutral state simply appear angrier than female faces.<br />
<br />
Why is a male face more like an "angry" face? The researchers say an angry face is one that we may want to avoid because of danger to ourselves. Men are physically larger and therefore more dangerous on average than women, so it makes sense that we associate the typical male face with "anger."<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=The_Field_Behind_the_Screen&diff=1259The Field Behind the Screen2009-03-12T14:16:00Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Robert V. Kozinets<br />
|journal=Journa of Marketing Research<br />
|journal_volume=39<br />
|url=http://www.nyu.edu/classes/bkg/methods/netnography.pdf<br />
|pub_date=2002<br />
|tags=Marketing<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|author_on_acawiki=Kozinets<br />
|summary=The author develops “netnography” as an online marketing research technique for providing consumer insight. “Netnography” is ethnography adapted to the study of online communities. As a method, “netnography” is faster, simpler, and less expensive than traditional ethnography, and more naturalistic and unobtrusive than focus groups or interviews. It provides information on the symbolism, meanings, and consumption patterns of online consumer groups. The author provides guidelines that acknowledge the online environment, respect the inherent flexibility and openness of ethnography, and provide rigor and ethics in the conduct of marketing research. As an illustrative example, the author provides a netnography of an online coffee newsgroup and discusses its marketing implications.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=When_Beliefs_Yield_to_Evidence:_Reducing_Biased_Evaluation_by_Affirming_the_Self&diff=1258When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self2009-03-12T14:15:52Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Geoffrey Cohen, Joshua Aronson, Claude Steele<br />
|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin<br />
|journal_volume=12<br />
|url=http://psp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/26/9/1151<br />
|pub_date=2000<br />
|doi=10.1177/01461672002611011<br />
|subject=Psychology<br />
|tags=psychology, self-esteem, identity, experimental<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Our political affiliation doesn't just indicate what we believe - it affirms "who we are" - our identity. One reason people may cling to their political beliefs is because they are protecting their identity. Thus, it follows that if you make people feel better about who they are by affirming their identity - say having them reflect on their sense of humor - they would be more open to diverse political beliefs, and we may end up in less of a red state vs. blue state deadlock.<br />
<br />
The authors of this paper set out to test just this proposition. In general, people tend to cling to their beliefs even when faced with contrary evidence. They also tend to evaluate ambiguous information in a manner that supports preexisting views (Lord, Ross, & Lepper 1979). This is why you get a never-ending debate between conservatives and liberals on political talk shows. While reasonable evidence is presented by both sides, they never seem to come any closer to agreement. One reason that people cling so deeply to their beliefs is that they are also a source of identity - they say something about "who we are" to ourselves and the world. People might cling to their belief of capital punishment because it reinforces their identity as a social conservative. By threatening someone identity you are also threatening their self worth.<br />
<br />
The authors of this paper thought if they affirmed people's identity in some other way, they'd be less likely to cling to their political beliefs. By giving people another source of self-worth their political attitudes become less important.<br />
<br />
'''STUDIES:''' With that background, they ran three studies where they affirm people's identities and then see how they respond to information of opposing political views. For example, if a participant said humor was important to her, they ask her to write about a few times when she felt humorous and why she felt good about it. This manipulation was designed to affirm her identity and improve her self worth. They also administered a control condition where participants just remembered and wrote about what they ate for the last few days. After writing about something important to one's identity (humor) or the control (what you ate) participants read an essays on capital punishment. Those who previously indicated they believed in capital punishment, read essays that opposed it, and visa versa.<br />
<br />
The participants who had their identity affirmed (by reflecting on their self of humor for example) responded more favorably to the essays that countered their personal view. A second study used a more powerful self-affirmation manipulation and did the basically the same thing. The third study found that participants who had their identity affirmed were less biased in the way they viewed ambiguous information about abortion.<br />
|relevance=Overall shoring up people's self-worth takes the sting out of contrary ideas making them less painful to accept as true. Because their identity was already affirmed, they didn't have to rely on their beliefs to define themselves. It brings up the question of why we are in such a polarizing political environment? Could it be that we are relying on our political affiliation to fulfill too many of our identity needs? Perhaps it's worth considering finding other ways to feel good about who we are so that we can be less polarized in our political identities.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=On_Making_the_Right_Choice:_The_Deliberation-Without-Attention_Effect&diff=1257On Making the Right Choice: The Deliberation-Without-Attention Effect2009-03-12T14:15:45Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Ap Dijksterhuis, Maarten Bos, Loran Nordgren, Rick van Baaren<br />
|journal=Science<br />
|journal_volume=311(5763)<br />
|url=http://www.sciencemag.org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/cgi/content/abstract/311/5763/1005<br />
|pub_date=2006<br />
|doi=10.1126/science.1121629<br />
|subject=Psychology<br />
|tags=unconcious thought, decision making<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Remember the old wisdom of making a list with positives and negatives, consciously weighing them against each other, and then making a decision? It turns out this might not be such a great strategy in all types of decisions. The counter strategy of "just sleep on it" might actually be better under certain circumstances. <br />
<br />
This paper highlights the value of unconscious decision making. The authors suggest that in simple decisions tasks with few attributes (such as deciding about a new pair of gloves), conscious decision-making is actually pretty good. However, in complex decisions-making tasks with many attributes, such as deciding between two houses, unconscious decision making works better. <br />
<br />
Conscious decision making is good when you want to be precise, such as when you do math problems. However, conscious decision making is not good with complexity. Unconscious decision-making, on the other hand, isn't so precise but is good with complexity.<br />
<br />
This paper highlights four studies where they they demonstrate these effects. In the first study participants either read about four hypothetical cars each with 4 attributes (simple) or 12 attributes (complex). In both groups (simple vs. complex) one of the cars was objectively better than the other three, having more positive attributes. Participants were asked to choose which of the four cars was best. Participants were further divided into groups where they either consciously thought about the cars for four minutes, or unconsciously thought about the cars. In the conscious group, participants actively thought about which car was the best for four minutes. In the unconscious group, participants were distracted for four minutes solving unrelated puzzles, and then decided which car was best. <br />
<br />
Results were as expected. When participants were considering the simple cars with only four attributes, the conscious thinkers were better at choosing the best car. However, when participants were considering the complex car with 12 attributes, the unconscious thinkers were better at choosing the best car. <br />
<br />
[[Image:Unconscious_Chart.JPG|500 px]]<br />
''Table is an approximation''<br />
<br />
The authors further demonstrate evidence of this effect in the world where people are happier with their purchases for complex products (like furniture) when they appear to be unconsciously thinking about it, and are happier with their purchases for simple products (like clothing) when they are consciously thinking about it.x<br />
|relevance=A lot of decision-making research has focused on conscious rational decision-making, and reflective judgments to be more optimal. However, this research suggests the old saying of "sleep on it" or "put it on the back burner" might be better under certain conditions. This has great implications for everyday decision-making. In some cases, we should just put away the spreadsheets.<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=A_Signaling_Explanation_for_Charity&diff=1256A Signaling Explanation for Charity2009-03-12T14:14:54Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Amihai Glazer, Kai Konrad<br />
|journal=American Economic Review<br />
|journal_volume=10<br />
|url=http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v86y1996i4p1019-28.html<br />
|pub_date=1996<br />
|subject=Economics<br />
|tags=Economics, Charitable Giving, Social Signaling<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=Many people feel that donating to charity is purely an altruistic action. However, the authors of this paper suggest otherwise. Instead, they suggest that donating to charity in many cases is a way for people to conspicuously signal their wealth. As evidence, the authors looked at donations to a charity and found that the majority of donations came in at the minimum amount to make it to the next tier. For example, if the categories were between $0-$99, $100-$199, $200-$299 donations would be clustered at the $100 level and the $200 level. Economic theory suggests that donations should be more evenly distributed - that people should donate what they can pay. However, donations were clustered at the bottom of the next tier suggesting that people are making donations as a way of signaling. <br />
<br />
In addition, the authors argue that donations are a better signal of wealth than things like luxury products. In many cases excessive conspicuous consumption is banned by social norms. One who is too gluttonous or showy is considered overly ostentatious. Second, luxury products are not always reliable signals because they can be faked. Donating to charity may actually be a more stable signal of wealth. <br />
<br />
To support their hypothesis, in their data they found that anonymous donations are rare. For example, in one year the Pittsburgh Philharmonic got 29 anonymous donations out of 2240, and Yale Law School got only 4. They further hypothesized that donations wouldn't exist if people had homogeneous incomes because everyone would already know the wealth of others. However, heterogeneous income distribution should trigger increased giving. <br />
<br />
Rational economically theory would predict that people should want to donate to nonprofits that have low overhead/donor costs; however the authors suggest that people are more likely to donate when the charity 1) publicizes it, and 2) publicizes it to the right people. This leads to high overhead/donor costs. <br />
|relevance=This paper has wide implications for non-profit organizations. They may consider keeping their donor costs low is a good thing. But it turns out it may backfire and they should spend their money advertising their patrons to the right people. <br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Medium_maximization&diff=1255Medium maximization2009-03-12T14:12:56Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Summary<br />
|authors=Chris Hsee, Fang Yu, Jiao Zhang, Yao Zhang<br />
|journal=Journal of Consumer Research<br />
|journal_volume=30<br />
|url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~fangyu/MediumMaximization.pdf<br />
|pub_date=2004<br />
|doi=10.1086/374702<br />
|subject=Psychology<br />
|tags=Consumer Research<br />
|pub_open_access=No<br />
|summary=This paper shows how strategically adding "points" to a situation can dramatically change motivation and outcome. One group of students were given the choice between working for six minutes in exchange for a gallon of Haagen-Dazs vanilla ice cream, or working for seven minutes in exchange for a gallon of pistachio Haagen-Dazs ice cream. Given that six minutes of work is more attractive than seven, and vanilla ice cream is generally more desirable than pistachio, about three quarters of students chose the six minute task with vanilla ice cream. <br />
<br />
Another separate second group of students were given a similar choice but in this case, the 6 minute task yielded 60 points, and the 7 minute task yielded 100 points. The students were then told they could redeem their points for vanilla ice cream with 50-99 points, but would need the full 100 points to get pistachio. <br />
<br />
In this second group of students, with the addition of points, more than half of the students chose the 7 minute work task, and redeemed their points for pistachio ice cream. <br />
<br />
The first and second group of students were faced with very similar choices, the only difference being the use of points. When points were added, students changed their preferences towards longer work, and a less desirable flavor of ice cream. <br />
<br />
There are three other studies in the paper that find similar effects.<br />
|relevance=The authors suggest this effect in part can be explained by an "illusion of advantage." Somehow the points make the less attractive option look more attractive. <br />
<br />
This work has a number of obvious real-world implications. Things like frequent flier programs, loyalty programs, and any other places where points are use can get us to do things we might not otherwise do if points weren't involved. <br />
<br />
[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/business/26leonextra.html?scp=4&sq=chris%20hsee&st=cse New York Times article on the paper]<br />
|online_url=http://home.uchicago.edu/~fangyu/MediumMaximization.pdf<br />
|i_am_author=No<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Form:Summary&diff=1254Form:Summary2009-03-12T14:12:35Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
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'''Summary:''' ''Please include an objective summary of the main findings from the paper here. You may want to include a high-level summary of the theoretical background, methods, and results.''<br />
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</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Property:URL&diff=1252Property:URL2009-03-12T14:11:48Z<p>Steren: Property:Online Instance moved to Property:URL</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a property of type [[Has type::URL|URL]].</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Property:Online_Instance&diff=1253Property:Online Instance2009-03-12T14:11:48Z<p>Steren: Property:Online Instance moved to Property:URL</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Property:URL]]</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Summary&diff=1251Template:Summary2009-03-12T14:10:18Z<p>Steren: </p>
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<div><noinclude><br />
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<pre><br />
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| }}<br />
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{{{{{pub_open_access|}}} Published in an Open Access journal}}<br />
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| }}<br />
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</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Talk:Sandbox_Summary&diff=1233Talk:Sandbox Summary2009-03-01T13:33:30Z<p>Steren: Comment provided by Steren - via ArticleComments extension</p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude>Comments on [[Sandbox Summary]]<br />
----- __NOEDITSECTION__ __NOTOC__ </noinclude><br />
<br />
== Steren said ... ==<br />
<br />
<div class='commentBlock'><br />
Hi this is a test<br />
<br />
--[http://steren.fr Steren] 13:33, 1 March 2009 (UTC)<br />
</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-&diff=1232MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-2009-03-01T12:35:59Z<p>Steren: </p>
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Download {{#ask: [[title::{{PAGENAME}}]] | ?author | ?volume | ?date | ?title | ?type | ?journal | format=bibtex }}<br />
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</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Summary&diff=1227Template:Summary2009-02-28T18:36:16Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'Summary' template.<br />
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|authors=<br />
|journal=<br />
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</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Property:Type&diff=1226Property:Type2009-02-28T18:31:26Z<p>Steren: New page: This is a property of type Has type::String.</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a property of type [[Has type::String]].</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-&diff=1223MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-2009-02-28T18:22:24Z<p>Steren: </p>
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{{#widget:AddThis<br />
|page_name={{PAGENAME}}<br />
|page_url={{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}}}<br />
|account_id=Steren<br />
|logo_url=<br />
|logo_background=FFFFFF<br />
|logo_color=FFFFFF<br />
|brand=Acawiki<br />
|options=favorites, email, digg, delicious, facebook, reddit, more<br />
|offset_top=0<br />
|offset_left=0<br />
}}<br />
<comments /><br />
</div><br />
</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-&diff=1217MediaWiki:Hf-nsfooter-2009-02-28T18:19:07Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="acawiki-footer"><br />
<div class="acawiki-footer-page-info"><br />
[[Special:SearchByProperty/Favorite/{{PAGENAME}}|Summary favorited {{#ask: [[Favorite::{{PAGENAME}}]] | format=count }} times]]<br />
<br />
[[Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|See users contributing to this page]]<br />
</div><br />
<div class="acawiki-footer-comments"><br />
{{#ask: [[year::2009]] | ?authors | ?volume | ?date | ?title | ?type | ?journal | format=bibtex }}<br />
{{#widget:AddThis<br />
|page_name={{PAGENAME}}<br />
|page_url={{fullurl:{{PAGENAME}}}}<br />
|account_id=Steren<br />
|logo_url=<br />
|logo_background=FFFFFF<br />
|logo_color=FFFFFF<br />
|brand=Acawiki<br />
|options=favorites, email, digg, delicious, facebook, reddit, more<br />
|offset_top=0<br />
|offset_left=0<br />
}}<br />
<comments /><br />
</div><br />
</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Form:User&diff=1216Form:User2009-02-28T17:50:35Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'User' form.<br />
To add a page with this form, enter the page name below;<br />
if a page with that name already exists, you will be sent to a form to edit that page.<br />
<br />
{{#forminput:User}}<br />
<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
{{{for template|User}}}<br />
{| class="formtable"<br />
! Name:<br />
| {{{field|name}}} ''(First Name and Last Name)''<br />
|-<br />
! Photo:<br />
| {{{field|photo|autocomplete on namespace=Image |uploadable}}} <br />
|-<br />
! Location: <br />
| {{{field|location}}} ''(Institution, City, State)''<br />
|-<br />
! Bio: <br />
| {{{field|bio|rows=5|cols=60}}} <br />
|-<br />
! Homepage or Blog: <br />
| {{{field|blog|list|input type=text}}} ''(Link to your personal blog or homepage)''<br />
|-<br />
! Works: <br />
| {{{field|works|list|autocomplete on=Summary|input type=text}}} ''(Journal articles originally authored by yourself with summaries on AcaWiki - type in title of summary and a link will be created automatically)''<br />
|-<br />
! Favorites: <br />
| {{{field|favorites|list|autocomplete on=Summary|input type=text}}} ''(Links to favorite summaries on AcaWiki - type in title of summary and a link will be created automatically)''<br />
|-<br />
! Links to external papers: <br />
| {{{field|links|list|input type=text}}} ''(Enter full link to copies of your full journal articles online)''<br />
|}<br />
{{{end template}}}<br />
<br />
{{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}<br />
<br />
{{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|changes}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=User:Steren&diff=1215User:Steren2009-02-28T17:49:42Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{User<br />
|name=Steren Giannini<br />
|photo=Avatar blaze resized.png<br />
|location=Lyon, France<br />
|bio=Ecole Centrale de Lyon Grad Student<br />
<br />
Webmaster of Acawiki<br />
<br />
Software developer for Creative Commons<br />
|blog=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
|links=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=File:Avatar_blaze_resized.png&diff=1214File:Avatar blaze resized.png2009-02-28T17:49:37Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Form:User&diff=1213Form:User2009-02-28T17:49:02Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'User' form.<br />
To add a page with this form, enter the page name below;<br />
if a page with that name already exists, you will be sent to a form to edit that page.<br />
<br />
{{#forminput:User}}<br />
<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
{{{for template|User}}}<br />
{| class="formtable"<br />
! Name:<br />
| {{{field|name}}} ''(First Name and Last Name)''<br />
|-<br />
! Photo: <!-- |uploadable is buggy :( --><br />
| {{{field|photo|autocomplete on namespace=Image |uploadable}}} (First [[Special:Upload|'''upload file''']] and then type in the filename here - for example: ''JoeSmithPicture.jpg'')<br />
|-<br />
! Location: <br />
| {{{field|location}}} ''(Institution, City, State)''<br />
|-<br />
! Bio: <br />
| {{{field|bio|rows=5|cols=60}}} <br />
|-<br />
! Homepage or Blog: <br />
| {{{field|blog|list|input type=text}}} ''(Link to your personal blog or homepage)''<br />
|-<br />
! Works: <br />
| {{{field|works|list|autocomplete on=Summary|input type=text}}} ''(Journal articles originally authored by yourself with summaries on AcaWiki - type in title of summary and a link will be created automatically)''<br />
|-<br />
! Favorites: <br />
| {{{field|favorites|list|autocomplete on=Summary|input type=text}}} ''(Links to favorite summaries on AcaWiki - type in title of summary and a link will be created automatically)''<br />
|-<br />
! Links to external papers: <br />
| {{{field|links|list|input type=text}}} ''(Enter full link to copies of your full journal articles online)''<br />
|}<br />
{{{end template}}}<br />
<br />
{{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}<br />
<br />
{{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|changes}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Sidebar&diff=1211MediaWiki:Sidebar2009-02-28T15:03:19Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><h3>Navigation</h3><br />
<div class='pBody'><br />
*[[Home]]<br />
*[[AcaWiki:Add Summary|Post a Summary]]<br />
*[[Special:BrowseData/Summary|Browse&nbsp;Summaries]]<br />
*Search Summaries<br />
<inputbox><br />
type=search<br />
width=12<br />
buttonlabel=Go<br />
searchbuttonlabel=Search<br />
</inputbox><br />
*[[Featured Summaries]]<br />
*[[Special:ListUsers|Browse Users]]<br />
*[[Special:Upload|Upload a file]]<br />
*[[Special:BibTexImport|Import from BibTex]]<br />
----<br />
*[[How to use]]<br />
*[[AcaWiki:FAQ|FAQ]]<br />
</div></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=AcaWiki:Posting_Guidelines&diff=1172AcaWiki:Posting Guidelines2009-01-04T16:40:07Z<p>Steren: Protected "AcaWiki:Posting Guidelines" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</p>
<hr />
<div>'''The goal of AcaWiki is to make academic scholarship available for a wide audience. To that end, we ask you read these posting guidelines.<br />
'''<br />
<br />
== Copyright Information: This is Very Important ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1.''' '''Don't copy anything verbatim!''' Do not cut and paste, and do not simply rewrite whole sentences. This is a copyright violation and this site can be shut down if we host copyrighted material that isn't ours. When summarizing an article please be sure to write it in '''your own words.''' For photos be sure that you only post items you own the copyright to, or that are licensed under a Creative Commons attribution license. For a good pool of these Attribution only images you can go to [http://flickr.com/creativecommons/by-2.0/ flickr]. '''Make sure you give proper attribution when you use them!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:cc.large.png|right|120 px]]<br />
'''2.''' Please note that everything you contribute to the site will be licensed under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution license]. This means that '''everything you contribute to the site will be free for others to re-use commercially or non-commercially, alter, remix, etc.''' The spirit of AcaWiki is for the greatest dissemination of academic scholarship. Sometimes commercial dissemination - especially in countries where internet penetration is low -- is actually the best way to distribute. The one condition for reuse is that attribution be made to '''acawiki.org.'''<br />
<br />
== General Posting Guidelines ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1.''' Two main goals of AcaWiki are to '''make academic scholarship widely available''' and '''to make it accessible to a wide audience.''' To that end, we ask that you write a summary roughly between '''300-700 words''' that summarize the main points of the article, and is written in a language that people can understand. For example, if you are writing about groups and are summarizing a paper on ''in-group versus out-group bias'', it would be helpful to explain what these terms mean. In some cases for the hard sciences in particular, this might not be possible but you get the point - try your best. <br />
<br />
'''2.''' In general, AcaWiki is a reference, and to that end we are looking for '''fairly objective summaries.''' To include some room for editorial opinions, debate, and additional thought we include a "'''theoretical and practical relevance'''" section, and a comments section. We are looking for summaries that would be of general interest to the public, or other researchers - use you best judgment. <br />
<br />
Return to the [[AcaWiki:Add Article|post article]] page.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=AcaWiki:Privacy_policy&diff=1170AcaWiki:Privacy policy2009-01-04T16:38:03Z<p>Steren: Protected "AcaWiki:Privacy policy" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</p>
<hr />
<div>Coming Soon.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=AcaWiki:FAQ&diff=1168AcaWiki:FAQ2009-01-04T16:34:41Z<p>Steren: FAQ moved to AcaWiki:FAQ over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>==What is the mission of AcaWiki?==<br />
<br />
The mission of AcaWiki is to both make scholarly academic works more accessible to the public both '''physically''', and '''intellectually'''. For more about the probem we are trying to solve, and the solution we offer check out the [[AcaWiki:About| '''about page''']].<br />
<br />
==Can't I just go download an academic paper off the internet?==<br />
<br />
In some cases you actually can. Some scholars put up versions of their papers online on their personal home pages, or on sites like [http://www.ssrn.com/ SSRN] for public consumption. However, many scholars either do not choose to do this, or more commonly, are not allowed to. The journals that publish these papers often have fairly restrictive copyright policies and limit access to universities that pay subscription fees. The long and the short is, '''most people can't freely access academic papers.'''<br />
<br />
==Who contributes summaries to AcaWiki?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is building a community of scholars including graduate students to write summaries of papers that are of the most general interest to the public. '''You''' can contribute summaries to AcaWiki if you have peer-reviewed academic research to summarize.<br />
<br />
==What about non-peer-reviewed research?==<br />
<br />
In general, AcaWiki is a place to host summaries of '''peer-reviewed research'''. Peer review simply means that a research paper is assessed by qualified peers before being published. What about non-peer reviewed research? This requires a bit of judgment. In some disciplines scholars are more likely to write books than publish papers in peer-reviewed journals. In these cases, it would be appropriate to publish summaries of these books on AcaWiki. <br />
<br />
==What should I consider when posting?==<br />
<br />
Take a look at the [[AcaWiki:Posting Guidelines|posting guidelines]]. In general, AcaWiki is a reference, and to that end we are looking for fairly objective summaries. To include some room for editorial opinions, debate, and additional though we include a "'''theoretical and practical relevance'''" section, and a comments section. Also be very careful NOT TO COPY ANYTHING VERBATIM from an academic paper - this would be a clear copyright violation. Make sure your summaries are written in your own words. We are looking for summaries that would be of general interest to the public, or other researchers - user you best judgment. Finally, consider before posting that you are licensing your summary to the world under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution license]. More on the license below.<br />
<br />
==How do I enter and edit wiki entries?==<br />
<br />
There's a good tutorial on the [[how to use| how to use]] page.<br />
<br />
==What about copyright?==<br />
<br />
'''Posting:''' Copying an academic article verbatim would be illegal. For that reason, we do not allow any direct copying or "cutting and pasting" text from academic articles on AcaWiki. However, '''ideas are not covered under copyright'''. Thus, it's perfectly legal to essentially write an article about an academic paper. Think about the [http://nytimes.com New York Times] science section is always writing news stories about academic research. They can do this because there is no copyright in ideas, thus allowing them to freely write about new academic discoveries. We do the same thing on AcaWiki by writing summaries of academic paper for public consumption. <br />
<br />
'''Creative Commons:''' Also consider that when you contribute a summary to AcaWiki, that you are agreeing to license your contribution under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution license]. Visit the link to get full information about the license but here's a quick summary: Creative Commons has become a standard way for people to say "some rights reserved" on the internet. The licenses have been adopted by prominent artists, companies, and government agencies - [http://wikipedia.org Wikipedia] uses a similar license. With an Attribution license you keep copyright of your work, but allow others to use as long as they give Attribution. In general, Attribution is made to the original author but because AcaWiki entries may have many contributors, we only require that attribution be made by linking back to AcaWiki, where individual contributors can be tracked.<br />
<br />
Also read [[AcaWiki:Copyrights| the copyright page]].<br />
<br />
==Can I use what I find on this site?==<br />
<br />
Yes! Contributions to this site are made under the Creative Commons Attribution license. You may use what you find here under the conditions of the license, and link back to AcaWiki.<br />
<br />
==Who is running this project?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is run by AcaWiki Inc., a 501(c)(3) non profit corporation incorporated in California, U.S.A. The project is grateful to have a seed grant from the Hewlett Foundation to get off the ground. <br />
<br />
==What stage is the project in now?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is currently in a stage of beta testing. We are collecting feedback from selected users so we can better fine-tune the site. It's likely we'll do a public beta in February. <br />
<br />
==Why are you doing this?==<br />
<br />
We believe that if cutting-edge academic research can more easily filter into education, business, and society in general, that we all benefit. <br />
<br />
==How can I get in touch with you?==<br />
<br />
[mailto:acawikisummaries@gmail.com send us an email]. We'd love to hear your feedback.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=FAQ&diff=1169FAQ2009-01-04T16:34:41Z<p>Steren: FAQ moved to AcaWiki:FAQ over redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[AcaWiki:FAQ]]</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=AcaWiki:FAQ&diff=1167AcaWiki:FAQ2009-01-04T16:33:48Z<p>Steren: Protected "FAQ" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</p>
<hr />
<div>==What is the mission of AcaWiki?==<br />
<br />
The mission of AcaWiki is to both make scholarly academic works more accessible to the public both '''physically''', and '''intellectually'''. For more about the probem we are trying to solve, and the solution we offer check out the [[AcaWiki:About| '''about page''']].<br />
<br />
==Can't I just go download an academic paper off the internet?==<br />
<br />
In some cases you actually can. Some scholars put up versions of their papers online on their personal home pages, or on sites like [http://www.ssrn.com/ SSRN] for public consumption. However, many scholars either do not choose to do this, or more commonly, are not allowed to. The journals that publish these papers often have fairly restrictive copyright policies and limit access to universities that pay subscription fees. The long and the short is, '''most people can't freely access academic papers.'''<br />
<br />
==Who contributes summaries to AcaWiki?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is building a community of scholars including graduate students to write summaries of papers that are of the most general interest to the public. '''You''' can contribute summaries to AcaWiki if you have peer-reviewed academic research to summarize.<br />
<br />
==What about non-peer-reviewed research?==<br />
<br />
In general, AcaWiki is a place to host summaries of '''peer-reviewed research'''. Peer review simply means that a research paper is assessed by qualified peers before being published. What about non-peer reviewed research? This requires a bit of judgment. In some disciplines scholars are more likely to write books than publish papers in peer-reviewed journals. In these cases, it would be appropriate to publish summaries of these books on AcaWiki. <br />
<br />
==What should I consider when posting?==<br />
<br />
Take a look at the [[AcaWiki:Posting Guidelines|posting guidelines]]. In general, AcaWiki is a reference, and to that end we are looking for fairly objective summaries. To include some room for editorial opinions, debate, and additional though we include a "'''theoretical and practical relevance'''" section, and a comments section. Also be very careful NOT TO COPY ANYTHING VERBATIM from an academic paper - this would be a clear copyright violation. Make sure your summaries are written in your own words. We are looking for summaries that would be of general interest to the public, or other researchers - user you best judgment. Finally, consider before posting that you are licensing your summary to the world under a [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution license]. More on the license below.<br />
<br />
==How do I enter and edit wiki entries?==<br />
<br />
There's a good tutorial on the [[how to use| how to use]] page.<br />
<br />
==What about copyright?==<br />
<br />
'''Posting:''' Copying an academic article verbatim would be illegal. For that reason, we do not allow any direct copying or "cutting and pasting" text from academic articles on AcaWiki. However, '''ideas are not covered under copyright'''. Thus, it's perfectly legal to essentially write an article about an academic paper. Think about the [http://nytimes.com New York Times] science section is always writing news stories about academic research. They can do this because there is no copyright in ideas, thus allowing them to freely write about new academic discoveries. We do the same thing on AcaWiki by writing summaries of academic paper for public consumption. <br />
<br />
'''Creative Commons:''' Also consider that when you contribute a summary to AcaWiki, that you are agreeing to license your contribution under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution license]. Visit the link to get full information about the license but here's a quick summary: Creative Commons has become a standard way for people to say "some rights reserved" on the internet. The licenses have been adopted by prominent artists, companies, and government agencies - [http://wikipedia.org Wikipedia] uses a similar license. With an Attribution license you keep copyright of your work, but allow others to use as long as they give Attribution. In general, Attribution is made to the original author but because AcaWiki entries may have many contributors, we only require that attribution be made by linking back to AcaWiki, where individual contributors can be tracked.<br />
<br />
Also read [[AcaWiki:Copyrights| the copyright page]].<br />
<br />
==Can I use what I find on this site?==<br />
<br />
Yes! Contributions to this site are made under the Creative Commons Attribution license. You may use what you find here under the conditions of the license, and link back to AcaWiki.<br />
<br />
==Who is running this project?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is run by AcaWiki Inc., a 501(c)(3) non profit corporation incorporated in California, U.S.A. The project is grateful to have a seed grant from the Hewlett Foundation to get off the ground. <br />
<br />
==What stage is the project in now?==<br />
<br />
AcaWiki is currently in a stage of beta testing. We are collecting feedback from selected users so we can better fine-tune the site. It's likely we'll do a public beta in February. <br />
<br />
==Why are you doing this?==<br />
<br />
We believe that if cutting-edge academic research can more easily filter into education, business, and society in general, that we all benefit. <br />
<br />
==How can I get in touch with you?==<br />
<br />
[mailto:acawikisummaries@gmail.com send us an email]. We'd love to hear your feedback.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email&diff=1166MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email2009-01-04T16:23:47Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>E-mail address is optional, but it enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity.<br />
By establishing this user account, you are accepting AcaWiki's Privacy Policy and Terms of use.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email&diff=1165MediaWiki:Prefs-help-email2009-01-04T16:23:24Z<p>Steren: New page: E-mail address is optional, but it enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity. By establishing this user account, you are acc...</p>
<hr />
<div>E-mail address is optional, but it enables others to contact you through your user or user_talk page without needing to reveal your identity.<br />
By establishing this user account, you are accepting AcaWiki's [[AcaWiki:Privacy policy|Privacy Policy]] and [[Terms of use]].</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=User:Steren&diff=1150User:Steren2008-12-21T12:52:44Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{User<br />
|name=Steren Giannini<br />
|photo=Steren.png<br />
|location=Lyon, France<br />
|bio=Ecole Centrale de Lyon Grad Student<br />
<br />
Webmaster of Acawiki<br />
<br />
Software developer for Creative Commons<br />
|blog=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
|links=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=User:Steren&diff=1149User:Steren2008-12-21T12:51:19Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{User<br />
|name=Steren Giannini<br />
|photo=Steren.png<br />
|location=Lyon, France<br />
|bio=Ecole Centrale de Lyon Grad Student<br />
<br />
Webmaster of Acawiki<br />
<br />
Software developer for Creative Commons<br />
|blog=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
|favorites=Thisisatest<br />
|links=http://pannini.lesgeorges.org, http://www.google.com<br />
}}</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:User&diff=1148Template:User2008-12-21T12:50:44Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'User' template.<br />
It should be called in the following format:<br />
<pre><br />
{{User<br />
|name=<br />
|photo=<br />
|location=<br />
|blog=<br />
|bio=<br />
|works= <br />
|favorites=<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
Edit the page to see the template text.<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
<br />
{{#if: {{{photo|}}} | [[Image:{{{photo|}}}|right|thumb|{{{name|}}}]] }}<br />
<br />
{| border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"<br />
! valign="top" | Name<br />
| [[Name::{{{name|}}}]]<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Location<br />
| {{#if: {{{location|}}} | [[Location::{{{location|}}}]] |n/a }}<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Bio<br />
| {{#if: {{{bio|}}} | [[Bio::{{{bio|}}}]] |n/a }}<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Homepage or Blog<br />
| {{#if: {{{blog|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{blog}}}|,|xxx|[[Blog::xxx]]|,&nbsp; }} | (none) }}<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Works<br />
| {{#if: {{{works|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{works}}}|,|x|[[Work::x]]|,&nbsp; }} | (none) }}<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Favorites<br />
| {{#if: {{{favorites|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{favorites}}}|,|x|[[Favorite::x]]|,&nbsp; }} | (none) }}<br />
|-<br />
! valign="top" | Links to external papers<br />
| {{#if: {{{links|}}} | {{#arraymap:{{{links}}}|,|xxx|[[External paper::xxx]]|,&nbsp; }} | (none) }}<br />
|}<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Summary&diff=1143Template:Summary2008-12-18T19:23:47Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'Summary' template.<br />
It should be called in the following format:<br />
<pre><br />
{{Summary<br />
|authors=<br />
|journal=<br />
|journal_volume=<br />
|online_url=<br />
|pub_date=<br />
|issn=<br />
|doi=<br />
|subject=<br />
|tags=<br />
|summary=<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
Edit the page to see the template text.<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
[[Category:Summary]]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Author </th><br />
<td width="80%"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{authors|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Author={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Author::xxx| ]] ({{#ask:[[Author::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries by xxx | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Journal </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{journal|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Journal={{anchorencode:{{{journal|}}}}}}} {{{journal|}}}] [[Journal::{{{journal|}}}| ]] {{#if:{{{journal_volume|}}}| (Volume [[Volume::{{{journal_volume|}}}]]) | }} ({{#ask:[[Journal::{{{journal|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{journal|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries from {{{journal|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Online Version</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{online_url|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{online_url}}}|,|xxx|<br />
[[Online Instance::xxx]]|,&nbsp; }} | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Publication Date</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}}| [[Date::{{{pub_date|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> ISSN</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{issn|}}}| [[ISSN::{{{issn|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr> <br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> DOI</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{doi|}}}| [http://dx.doi.org/{{{doi|}}} {{{doi|}}}] [[DOI::{{{doi|}}}| ]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Subject </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{subject|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Subject={{anchorencode:{{{subject|}}}}}}} {{{subject|}}}] [[Subject::{{{subject|}}}| ]]<br />
({{#ask:[[Subject::{{{subject|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{subject|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries with of the subject {{{subject|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Tags</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{tags|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{tags|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Tag={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Tag::xxx| ]]({{#ask:[[Tag::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries with the xxx tag | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Summary:'''<br />
<br />
{{{summary|}}}<br />
<br />
{{#if:{{{relevance|}}}|<br />
'''Theoretical and practical relevance:'''<br />
<br />
{{{relevance|}}}<br />
| }}<br />
<div><br />
[[Published in an Open Access journal::{{{pub_open_access|}}}| ]]<br />
{{{{{pub_open_access|}}} Published in an Open Access journal}}<br />
</div><br />
{{#if:{{{author_on_acawiki|}}}|<br />
'''Username of the original author:''' {{#arraymap:{{{author_on_acawiki}}}|,|xxx|[[User:xxx|xxx]]|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
<br />
[[title::{{PAGENAME}}| ]][[type::Article| ]]<br />
<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Summary&diff=1142Template:Summary2008-12-18T19:17:18Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'Summary' template.<br />
It should be called in the following format:<br />
<pre><br />
{{Summary<br />
|authors=<br />
|journal=<br />
|journal_volume=<br />
|online_url=<br />
|pub_date=<br />
|issn=<br />
|doi=<br />
|subject=<br />
|tags=<br />
|summary=<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
Edit the page to see the template text.<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
[[Category:Summary]]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Author </th><br />
<td width="80%"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{authors|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Author={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Author::xxx| ]] ({{#ask:[[Author::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries by xxx | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Journal </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{journal|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Journal={{anchorencode:{{{journal|}}}}}}} {{{journal|}}}] [[Journal::{{{journal|}}}| ]] {{#if:{{{journal_volume|}}}| (Volume [[Volume::{{{journal_volume|}}}]]) | }} ({{#ask:[[Journal::{{{journal|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{journal|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries from {{{journal|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Online Version</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{online_url|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{online_url}}}|,|xxx|<br />
[[Online Instance::xxx]]|,&nbsp; }} | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Publication Date</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}}| [[Date::{{{pub_date|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> ISSN</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{issn|}}}| [[ISSN::{{{issn|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr> <br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> DOI</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{doi|}}}| [http://dx.doi.org/{{{doi|}}} {{{doi|}}}] [[DOI::{{{doi|}}}| ]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Subject </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{subject|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Subject={{anchorencode:{{{subject|}}}}}}} {{{subject|}}}] [[Subject::{{{subject|}}}| ]]<br />
({{#ask:[[Subject::{{{subject|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{subject|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries with of the subject {{{subject|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Tags</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{tags|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{tags|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Tag={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Tag::xxx| ]]({{#ask:[[Tag::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries with the xxx tag | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Summary:'''<br />
<br />
{{{summary|}}}<br />
<br />
{{#if:{{{relevance|}}}|<br />
'''Theoretical and practical relevance:'''<br />
<br />
{{{relevance|}}}<br />
| }}<br />
<div><br />
[[Published in an Open Access journal::{{{pub_open_access|}}}| ]]<br />
{{{{{pub_open_access|}}} Published in an Open Access journal}}<br />
</div><br />
{{#if:{{{author_on_acawiki|}}}|<br />
'''Username of the original author:''' {{#arraymap:{{{author_on_acawiki}}}|,|xxx|[[User:xxx|xxx]]|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
<br />
<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Property:Volume&diff=1141Property:Volume2008-12-18T19:16:08Z<p>Steren: New page: This is a property of type String.</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a property of type [[Has type::String|String]].</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Summary&diff=1140Template:Summary2008-12-18T19:08:41Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div><noinclude><br />
This is the 'Summary' template.<br />
It should be called in the following format:<br />
<pre><br />
{{Summary<br />
|authors=<br />
|journal=<br />
|journal_volume=<br />
|online_url=<br />
|pub_date=<br />
|issn=<br />
|doi=<br />
|subject=<br />
|tags=<br />
|summary=<br />
}}<br />
</pre><br />
Edit the page to see the template text.<br />
</noinclude><includeonly><br />
[[Category:Summary]]<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Author </th><br />
<td width="80%"><br />
{{#arraymap:{{{authors|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Author={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Author::xxx| ]] ({{#ask:[[Author::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries by xxx | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Journal </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{journal|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Journal={{anchorencode:{{{journal|}}}}}}} {{{journal|}}}] [[Journal::{{{journal|}}}| ]] {{#if:{{{journal_volume|}}}| (Volume [[Journal Volume::{{{journal_volume|}}}]]) | }} ({{#ask:[[Journal::{{{journal|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{journal|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries from {{{journal|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Online Version</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{online_url|}}}| {{#arraymap:{{{online_url}}}|,|xxx|<br />
[[Online Instance::xxx]]|,&nbsp; }} | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Publication Date</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{pub_date|}}}| [[Date::{{{pub_date|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> ISSN</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{issn|}}}| [[ISSN::{{{issn|}}}]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr> <br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> DOI</th> <br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{doi|}}}| [http://dx.doi.org/{{{doi|}}} {{{doi|}}}] [[DOI::{{{doi|}}}| ]] | }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Subject </th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{subject|}}}|<br />
[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Subject={{anchorencode:{{{subject|}}}}}}} {{{subject|}}}] [[Subject::{{{subject|}}}| ]]<br />
({{#ask:[[Subject::{{{subject|}}}]]| rsstitle={{{subject|}}} | rssdescription=All summaries with of the subject {{{subject|}}} | format=rss }})<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
</tr><br />
<br />
<tr><br />
<th> Tags</th><br />
<td><br />
{{#if:{{{tags|}}}|<br />
{{#arraymap:{{{tags|}}}|,|xxx|[{{fullurl:Special:BrowseData/Summary|Tag={{anchorencode:xxx}}}} xxx] [[Tag::xxx| ]]({{#ask:[[Tag::xxx]]| rsstitle=xxx | rssdescription=All summaries with the xxx tag | format=rss }})|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
</td><br />
<br />
</table><br />
<br />
'''Summary:'''<br />
<br />
{{{summary|}}}<br />
<br />
{{#if:{{{relevance|}}}|<br />
'''Theoretical and practical relevance:'''<br />
<br />
{{{relevance|}}}<br />
| }}<br />
<div><br />
[[Published in an Open Access journal::{{{pub_open_access|}}}| ]]<br />
{{{{{pub_open_access|}}} Published in an Open Access journal}}<br />
</div><br />
{{#if:{{{author_on_acawiki|}}}|<br />
'''Username of the original author:''' {{#arraymap:{{{author_on_acawiki}}}|,|xxx|[[User:xxx|xxx]]|,&nbsp; }}<br />
| }}<br />
<br />
<br />
</includeonly></div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=Property:Date&diff=1139Property:Date2008-12-18T19:07:54Z<p>Steren: New page: This is a property of type Date.</p>
<hr />
<div>This is a property of type [[Has type::Date|Date]].</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&diff=1113MediaWiki:Copyright2008-12-11T21:27:27Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>Content is available under $1.</div>Sterenhttps://acawiki.org/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Copyright&diff=1112MediaWiki:Copyright2008-12-11T21:27:11Z<p>Steren: </p>
<hr />
<div>Content is available under $1.Please give attribution by linking to http://acawiki.org.</div>Steren