AcaWiki - User contributions [en]

The dynamics of mass interaction

2011-10-27T03:16:35Z

Yaron Koren:

{{Summary
|title=The dynamics of mass interaction
|authors=Steve Whittaker, Loren Terveen, Will Hill, Lynn Cherny
|tags=USENET, innovation, collaboration,
|summary=Published in ''Computer Supported Cooperative Work'' in 1998 by a series of authors from AT&T research labs, [[The dynamics of mass interaction]] is a major quantitive analysis of USENET.

In many ways, the article can be seen as building on [[Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities|Kollock and Smith (1996)]]. While the previous work was largely theoretical, descriptive, and qualitative, this paper is more analytically focused and aims to answer a long series of hypotheses about how cooperation works online.

The paper uses a dataset taken from a random subset of 500 news groups on USENET taken over a 6 months period. They first present "demographic" information characterizing the nature of interaction on USENET (e.g., average of 24 posts per day) and the fact that vast majority of initiating messages on USENET never get a response.

Most of their article tests the "common ground model" that explains that establishing common ground will be important to mass interaction. They measure the need for common ground through size, number of posters and moderated-ness. They measure common ground increasing techniques through FAQs, lower cross-posting, and longer messages. These are tested in a series of 9 hypothesis with mixed results.

They find evidence for a large degree of ''participation inequalities'' and find frequent evidence of cross-posting. Most hypotheses about conversational strategies are confirmed but dis-confirming evidence for a relationship between conversational strategy and interactivity. Confusingly, they find that strategies like cross-posting seem to be good for interactivity. They conclude with a reference to [[The strength of weak ties|Granovetter]] and a call for the incorporation of weak ties into a theory of "common ground".
|relevance=The paper has been cited over a hundred times, primary by literature discussing either USENET or online discussion groups more broadly.
|journal=Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
|pub_date=1998
|doi=10.1145/289444.289500
|subject=Computer Science
|pub_open_access=
}}

A framework for enriched, controlled on-line discussion forums for e-government policy-making

2011-10-27T02:20:52Z

Yaron Koren: Changing curly bracket to a dash (hopefully that's correct) - I believe this unclosed bracket is what caused the form to fail

{{Summary
|title=A framework for enriched, controlled on-line discussion forums for e-Government policy-making
|authors=Adam Wyner, Tom van Engers
|url=http://wyner.info/research/Papers/WynerVanEngersForum2010.pdf
|tags=e-government, argumentation, online argumentation, e-participation, controlled natural language, IMPACT Project
|summary=This paper provides a requirements analysis and vision for improving structure in discussion forums, motivated by a need to both increase e-participation in government consultation and increase the ability to summarize the opinions solicited.

As they point out, in standard web2.0 tools, while discussion is easy, analysis is not: semantic relationships (such as "agreement, disagreement, introduction of a premise or exception, refinement, pronomial anaphora", etc.) must be inferred. The user must specify "whether a statement is a premise, an exception, a conclusion, or a contradiction with respect to some other statement." They would like a system that uses argumentation logic and supports natural language processing (e.g. with a controlled language or ontology).

==Limitations of existing systems==
# Participant must understand (and specify) the relationships between statements
# Statements cannot be context-dependent (e.g. where the conclusion of one argument is the premise of another argument)
# The architecture is not modular (e.g. to allow an administrator to add different relationships or debate components)
# "The linguistic content of the statements is unanalysed and unconstrained; that is, the statements are not parsed, or given a semantic interpretation, or required to be relevant and novel to the current discussion, or constrained in terms of terminology and length"
# There is no formally specified argumentation semantics, which would allow determination of sets of consistent statements.

==Example==
The running example is derived from a BBC Have Your Say discussion ``[http://newsforums.bbc.co.uk/nol/thread.jspa?forumID=7269&start=315&edition=2&ttl=20110902174336 Should people be paid to recycle?]". They have derived the statements as follows:

<pre>
(1) Every householder should pay tax for the garbage which the householder throws away.
(2) No householder should pay tax for the garbage which the householder throws away.
(3) Paying tax for garbage increases recycling.
(4) Recycling more is good.
(5) Paying tax for garbage is unfair.
(6) Every householder should be charged equally.
(7) Every householder who takes benefits does not recycle.
(8) Every householder who does not take benefits pays for every householder who does take benefits.
(9) Professor Resicke says that recycling reduces the need for new garbage dumps.
(10) A reduction of the need for new garbage dumps is good.
(11) Professor Resicke is not objective.
(12) Professor Resicke owns a recycling company.
(13) A person who owns a recycling company earns money from recycling.
(14) Supermarkets create garbage.
(15) Supermarkets should pay tax.
(16) Supermarkets pass the taxes for the garbage to the consumer.
</pre>

These are the underlying statements; but they are used differently in the discussion, where, for instance, (1) can be either a statement, or the conclusion of an argument starting with (4). Further, some relationships between statements are left implicit: for instance, that (16) attacks (15).

==Assumptions==
They assume that the argument is relatively well-structured, with participants willing to take the tradeoffs of certain constraints ("topic, expressivity, explicit marking of statement relationships") for certain benefits ("clarity and reasoning support").

==Proposal==
They propose a discussion forum using controlled natural language, backed by an argumentation framework which would resolve the inconsistent statements in the discussion into sets of consistent statements. In addition to using Attempto Controlled English (ACE), they propose that users would specify the relationship between an existing statement and a new statement (e.g. "contradicts, "is premise of", or "is an exception to"), effectively constructing an argument graph. The system would also allow the use of domain-centric ontologies, which they view as creating a knowledge base.

==Selected references==
* Norbert E. Fuchs, Kaarel Kaljurand, and Tobias Kuhn. [[Attempto Controlled English for knowledge representation]]. In Cristina Baroglio, Piero A. Bonatti, Jan Maluszynski, Massimo Marchiori, Axel Polleres, and Sebastian Schafert, editors, Reasoning Web, volume 5224 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 104-124. Springer, 2008.
* Raquel Fernández and Ulle Endriss. [[Abstract models for dialogue protocols]]. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 16(2):121-140, 2007
* Peter McBurney, David Hitchcock, and Simon Parsons. [[The eightfold way of deliberation dialogue]]. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 22(1):95-132, 2007.
* Rudy Prabowo, Michael Thelwall, Iina Hellsten, and Andrea Scharnhorst. [[Evolving debate in online communication: A graph analytical approach]]. Internet Research, 18(5):520-540, 2008.
* Rudy Prabowo and Mike Thelwall. [[Finding and tracking subjects within an ongoing debate]]. Journal of Informetrics, 2(2):107-127, 2008.
* Henry Prakken. [[Formalising ordinary legal disputes: A case study]]. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 16:333-359, 2008.

|journal=eGov
|pub_date=2010
|subject=Computer Science
}}

A framework for enriched, controlled on-line discussion forums for e-government policy-making

2011-10-26T16:43:33Z

Yaron Koren: Replaced content with "{{Summary |title=A framework for enriched, controlled on-line discussion forums for e-Government policy-making |authors=Adam Wyner, Tom van Engers |url=http://wyner.info/rese..."

Form:Summary

2011-10-26T16:42:25Z

Yaron Koren: Changed to remote autocompletion for authors

<noinclude>
<div class="floatright plainlinks" style="margin-left: 10px;top:0;">{{#imagelink: Post.png||acawiki}}</div>
Thanks for contributing a summary to AcaWiki!
'''What is the title of the paper?'''{{#forminput:Summary}}
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{{{for template|Summary}}}
{{{info|add title=Add a Summary|edit title=Edit Summary|page name=<Summary[title]>}}}
''Required fields in red. If you can furnish further bibliographic information please do so. You can find this information directly on the paper or searching for a record on [http://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar].''

= Summary =

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{{{field|summary|input type=textarea|rows=12}}}

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| {{{field|doi}}} ''Digital Object Identifier''
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Please do not post copyrighted material; you can read our [[Posting Guidelines]]. If you need help adding your summaries feel free to [mailto:admin@acawiki.org contact us]. You may also import [[Special:BibTexImport| BibTeX]].''

Self-Organization of the Escherichia coli Chemotaxis Network Imaged with Super-Resolution Light Microscopy

2011-10-26T16:40:59Z

Yaron Koren:

{{Summary
|title=Self-Organization of the Escherichia coli Chemotaxis Network Imaged with Super-Resolution Light Microscopy
|authors=Derek Greenfield, Ann L. McEvoy, Hari Shroff, Gavin E. Crooks, Ned S. Wingreen, Eric Betzig, Jan Liphardt
|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000137
|summary=The Escherichia coli chemotaxis network is a model system for biological signal processing. In E. coli, transmembrane receptors responsible for signal transduction assemble into large clusters containing several thousand proteins. These sensory clusters have been observed at cell poles and future division sites. Despite extensive study, it remains unclear how chemotaxis clusters form, what controls cluster size and density, and how the cellular location of clusters is robustly maintained in growing and dividing cells. Here, we use photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) to map the cellular locations of three proteins central to bacterial chemotaxis (the Tar receptor, CheY, and CheW) with a precision of 15 nm. We find that cluster sizes are approximately exponentially distributed, with no characteristic cluster size. One-third of Tar receptors are part of smaller lateral clusters and not of the large polar clusters. Analysis of the relative cellular locations of 1.1 million individual proteins (from 326 cells) suggests that clusters form via stochastic self-assembly. The super-resolution PALM maps of E. coli receptors support the notion that stochastic self-assembly can create and maintain approximately periodic structures in biological membranes, without direct cytoskeletal involvement or active transport.

==Author Summary==
Top Cells arrange their components—proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—in organized and reproducible ways to optimize the activities of these components and, therefore, to improve cell efficiency and survival. Eukaryotic cells have a complex arrangement of subcellular structures such as membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeletal transport systems. However, subcellular organization is also important in prokaryotic cells, including rod-shaped bacteria such as E. coli, most of which lack such well-developed systems of organelles and motor proteins for transporting cellular cargoes. In fact, it has remained somewhat mysterious how bacteria are able to organize and spatially segregate their interiors. The E. coli chemotaxis network, a system important for the bacterial response to environmental cues, is one of the best-understood biological signal transduction pathways and serves as a useful model for studying bacterial spatial organization because its components display a nonrandom, periodic distribution in mature cells. Chemotaxis receptors aggregate and cluster into large sensory complexes that localize to the poles of bacteria. To understand how these clusters form and what controls their size and density, we use ultrahigh-resolution light microscopy, called photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), to visualize individual chemoreceptors in single E. coli cells. From these high-resolution images, we determined that receptors are not actively distributed or attached to specific locations in cells. Instead, we show that random receptor diffusion and receptor-receptor interactions are sufficient to generate the observed complex, ordered pattern. This simple mechanism, termed stochastic self-assembly, may prove to be widespread in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
|journal=PLoS Biol
|pub_date=2009/06
|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000137
|subject=Biology
|journal_volume=7
|pub_open_access=Yes
}}

Form:Summary

2011-10-26T16:38:51Z

Yaron Koren: Set a standard width of 80 for the top four text inputs

<noinclude>
<div class="floatright plainlinks" style="margin-left: 10px;top:0;">{{#imagelink: Post.png||acawiki}}</div>
Thanks for contributing a summary to AcaWiki!
'''What is the title of the paper?'''{{#forminput:Summary}}
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{{{for template|Summary}}}
{{{info|add title=Add a Summary|edit title=Edit Summary|page name=<Summary[title]>}}}
''Required fields in red. If you can furnish further bibliographic information please do so. You can find this information directly on the paper or searching for a record on [http://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar].''

= Summary =

<div class="floatright plainlinks" style="margin-left: 10px;top:0;">{{#imagelink: Post.png||acawiki}}</div>

{| class="formtable"
! Title*
| {{{field|title|size=80|mandatory}}}
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! Online URL:
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! Tags:
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----
'''Summary:''' ''Please include an objective summary of the main findings from the paper here. You may want to include a high-level summary of the theoretical background, methods, and results.''

{{{field|summary|input type=textarea|rows=12}}}

'''Theoretical and practical relevance:''' ''You may want to write about the implications of this research for theory and/or the real world. You may also want to link to any news stories or blog posts about the article here.''

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= Publication Information =

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</includeonly>

Please do not post copyrighted material; you can read our [[Posting Guidelines]]. If you need help adding your summaries feel free to [mailto:admin@acawiki.org contact us]. You may also import [[Special:BibTexImport| BibTeX]].''

Form:Summary

2011-10-26T16:35:45Z

Yaron Koren: Changed top header from "Post a Summary" to just "Summary", increased field sizes

<noinclude>
<div class="floatright plainlinks" style="margin-left: 10px;top:0;">{{#imagelink: Post.png||acawiki}}</div>
Thanks for contributing a summary to AcaWiki!
'''What is the title of the paper?'''{{#forminput:Summary}}
</noinclude><includeonly>
{{{for template|Summary}}}
{{{info|add title=Add a Summary|edit title=Edit Summary|page name=<Summary[title]>}}}
''Required fields in red. If you can furnish further bibliographic information please do so. You can find this information directly on the paper or searching for a record on [http://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar].''

= Summary =

<div class="floatright plainlinks" style="margin-left: 10px;top:0;">{{#imagelink: Post.png||acawiki}}</div>

{| class="formtable"
! Title*
| {{{field|title|size=80|mandatory}}}
|-
! Authors*
| {{{field|authors|mandatory|autocomplete on property=Author}}} ''First Name Last Name, First Name Last Name ''
|-
! Online URL:
| {{{field|url|list|size=100}}}
|-
! Tags:
| {{{field|tags|list|autocomplete on property=Tag}}}
|}

----
'''Summary:''' ''Please include an objective summary of the main findings from the paper here. You may want to include a high-level summary of the theoretical background, methods, and results.''

{{{field|summary|input type=textarea|rows=12}}}

'''Theoretical and practical relevance:''' ''You may want to write about the implications of this research for theory and/or the real world. You may also want to link to any news stories or blog posts about the article here.''

{{{field|relevance|input type=textarea|rows=5}}}

= Publication Information =

{| class="formtable"
! Journal, Book, or Chapter:
|{{{field|journal|autocomplete on property=Journal}}} <noinclude>Volume Number: {{{field|journal_volume|size=5}}}</noinclude>
|-
! Publication Date:
| {{{field|pub_date|input type=text}}} ''year or yyyy/mm/dd''
|-
<noinclude>! ISSN:
| {{{field|issn}}}
''International Standard Serial Number''</noinclude>
|-
! DOI:
| {{{field|doi}}} ''Digital Object Identifier''
|-
! Subject:
| {{{field|subject}}} ''Enter subject or use tags.
|-
<noinclude>! Published in an Open Access journal:
| {{{field|pub_open_access}}}</noinclude>
|}

<headertabs/>

{{{end template}}}

{{int:Copyrightwarning|[[AcaWiki:Copyrights]]|Creative Commons Attribution 3.0}}

{{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}

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</includeonly>

Please do not post copyrighted material; you can read our [[Posting Guidelines]]. If you need help adding your summaries feel free to [mailto:admin@acawiki.org contact us]. You may also import [[Special:BibTexImport| BibTeX]].''